@PhDThesis{Avila:2015:SiDeEx,
author = "Avila, Manuel Antonio Castro",
title = "Simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es do desempenho do experimento mirax e estudo
de 1E 1740.7-2942 com os sat{\'e}lites integral e XMM-Newton",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2015",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2015-02-26",
keywords = "MIRAX, ru{\'{\i}}do de fundo, simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es, buracos
negros, comptoniza{\c{c}}{\~a}o, background noise, computerized
simulation, black holes, comptonization.",
abstract = "O desenvolvimento de instrumentos para uso em Astrof{\'{\i}}sica
de Altas Energias testemunhou grandes avan{\c{c}}os nos
{\'u}ltimos 50 anos a partir da descoberta da primeira fonte de
raios X fora do sistema solar. Um grande n{\'u}mero de
miss{\~o}es a bordo de sat{\'e}lites foram desenvolvidas e
colocadas em {\'o}rbita, permitindo estudar objetos associados a
fontes emissoras de raios X e \$\gamma\$ que apresentam
condi{\c{c}}{\~o}es f{\'{\i}}sicas extremas,
imposs{\'{\i}}veis de se reproduzir em laborat{\'o}rios na
Terra. Desenvolver estas miss{\~o}es requereu o desenvolvimento
de novas tecnologias e t{\'e}cnicas de observa{\c{c}}{\~a}o,
principalmente nos campos de detectores e sistemas de imageamento.
Para desenvolver novos instrumentos nesta {\'a}rea, precisa-se
estudar, atrav{\'e}s de simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es, qual ser{\'a} o
desempenho do instrumento atrav{\'e}s do modelamento de seu
comportamento quando exposto aos diversos campos de
radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o e part{\'{\i}}culas presentes no ambiente
no qual ir{\'a} operar, especialmente em virtude do intenso
ru{\'{\i}}do de fundo que est{\'a} sempre presente. Nessas
simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es, {\'e} preciso construir um modelo de
massa detalhado da instrumenta{\c{c}}{\~a}o e levar em
considera{\c{c}}{\~a}o os diversos campos de
radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o e part{\'{\i}}culas que est{\~a}o
presentes no ambiente onde o instrumento ser{\'a} exposto.
Tamb{\'e}m {\'e} crucial simular observa{\c{c}}{\~o}es das
fontes que ser{\~a}o estudadas com o instrumento desenvolvido.
Nesta tese de doutorado apresentamse resultados de
simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es do comportamento instrumental da
c{\^a}mera de raios X duros que est{\'a} sendo desenvolvida no
{\^a}mbito da miss{\~a}o MIRAX. Utilizamos o conhecido pacote
GEANT4 para calcular todas as intera{\c{c}}{\~o}es de
f{\'o}tons e part{\'{\i}}culas em um modelo de massa detalhado
que foi constru{\'{\i}}do e usado como dado de entrada para o
programa. Isso permitiu estudar em detalhe as
contribui{\c{c}}{\~o}es individuais das principais componentes
para o ru{\'{\i}}do de fundo que estar{\~a}o presentes nas
medidas reais a serem efetuadas pelo instrumento. Consideramos as
intera{\c{c}}{\~o}es de f{\'o}tons, pr{\'o}tons e
n{\^e}utrons no sat{\'e}lite na {\'o}rbita baixa
(\$\sim\$650 km), quase-equatorial e circular em que o MIRAX
ir{\'a} operar. Os campos de radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o foram modelados
a partir de espectros de entrada obtidos da literatura.
Implementamos a geometria completa do MIRAX e simulamos a
intera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de cada tipo de part{\'{\i}}cula com o
instrumento, medindo a energia depositada pelas
part{\'{\i}}culas que atingem o plano de detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o.
Os resultados dessas simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es est{\~a}o sendo
usados para definir a melhor configura{\c{c}}{\~a}o de blindagem
para a c{\^a}mera. Nesta tese tamb{\'e}m s{\~a}o apresentados
resultados de an{\'a}lises espectrais e temporais da fonte 1E
1740.7-2942, um candidato a buraco negro, usando dados dos
observat{\'o}rios INTEGRAL e XMM-Newton. Para estudar o
comportamento espectral e temporal de 1E 1740.7-2942, usamos
observa{\c{c}}{\~o}es simult{\^a}neas (XMM-Newton + INTEGRAL)
para tr{\^e}s {\'e}pocas, que permitiram estudar os estados
espectrais da fonte e sua variabilidade. Utilizando dados do
sat{\'e}lite INTEGRAL durante um per{\'{\i}}odo de 10 anos,
analisamos tamb{\'e}m importantes varia{\c{c}}{\~o}es na
emiss{\~a}o da fonte, caracterizando a emiss{\~a}o com
diferentes modelos espectrais. ABSTRACT: Instrumental development
in High Energy Astrophysics has undergone great advances in the
last 50 years since the discovery of the first X-ray source
outside the solar system. A large number of satellite instruments
were developed and placed into orbit. These missions have enabled
us to study objects, associated with sources emitting X and
\$\gamma\$ rays, that show extreme physical conditions
impossible to reproduce on Earth laboratories. Instrumentation for
this kind of missions has required the development of new
technologies and observation techniques, mainly in the areas of
detectors and imaging systems. In order to develop new instruments
in this area, it is extremely important to study in detail what
will be the instrumental performance through simulations,
especially due to the intense instrumental background that is
always present. In these simulations, we have to build a detailed
mass model of the instrumentation and take into account the
several radiation and particle fields that are present at the
environment where the instrument will be exposed to and operate.
It is also crucial to simulate observations of sources that will
be studied with the instrument. In this PhD thesis, we show
simulation results of the behaviour of a hard X-ray imaging camera
that is being develop in the scope of the MIRAX mission. We have
used the well-known GEANT4 package to calculate all the
interactions of photons and particles in a detailed mass model of
the camera that we have built and used as input. This has enabled
a detailed study of the individual contributions of the main
background components that will be present in the instrument real
measurements. We have considered the interactions of photons,
protons and neutrons into the satellite in the expected
lowaltitude (\$\sim\$650 km), near-equatorial, circular orbit
in which MIRAX will operate. These radiation fields were modelled
based on input spectra that we have obtained from the
literature.We have implement the full geometry of the instrument
and have simulated the interaction of every kind of particle with
the materials, measuring the deposited energy of the both primary
and secondary particles that hit the detection plane. The results
of these simulations are currently being used to define the best
shielding configuration for the camera. Also in this thesis, we
present results of spectral and timing analysis of the source 1E
1740.7-2942, a black hole candidate, using data from the INTEGRAL
and XMM-Newton observatories. In order to study the spectral and
timing behavior on 1E 1740.7-2942, we have used simultaneous
observations (XMM-Newton + INTEGRAL) for three epochs, which
enabled us to study the spectral states of the source and their
variability. Also by using data from the INTEGRAL satellite over a
period of 10 years, we have analysed important variations in the
source emission and have characterized the emission using
different spectral models.",
committee = "Jablonski, Francisco Jos{\'e} (presidente) and Braga, Jo{\~a}o
(orientador) and D'Amico, Fl{\'a}vio and Aguiar, Odylio Denys de
and Dias, Marcos Perez and Abraham, Zulema",
copyholder = "SID/SCD",
englishtitle = "Simulations of the mirax experiment performance and study on 1E
1740.7-2942 with the integral and XMM-Newton satellites",
language = "pt",
pages = "141",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP7W/3HT5Q42",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP7W/3HT5Q42",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}